Bulgaria The emergence of several far-right groups, such as the Bulgarian National Union (BNU), marked the rise of nationalist rhetoric and anti-immigrant sentiment. These groups often promoted Bulgarian nationalism and were linked to anti-Roma and anti-Turkish rhetoric.

Bulgaria Far-right groups organizing protests in Sofia and other major cities, targeting the Bulgarian government’s policies toward ethnic minorities, especially the Roma community.

Croatia Far-right groups gain prominence. Groups often engaged in nationalist rhetoric and are associated with anti-Serb sentiments, reflecting the complex historical context of the region.

Denmark The Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad. While the publication was not an act of right-wing extremism, it led to widespread protests and heightened tensions, some of which were exploited by right-wing extremist groups to promote anti-Islamic sentiments.

France Various far-right groups in France organize demonstrations against immigration policies and multiculturalism. These protests gain traction particularly during this time as issues of immigration, national identity, and Islamic extremism becomes key topics in national debates. Anti-immigrant sentiment are expressed through street violence and political rallies.

Germany Several incidents of far-right violence, including attacks on immigrant communities, were reported. Neo-Nazi groups and far-right extremists organized protests, especially in eastern Germany, where anti-immigrant sentiments were high.

Greece Golden Dawn, a far-right political party, continued to rise in prominence, gaining a reputation for its violent actions and anti-immigrant rhetoric.

Latvia
The far-right group Pērkonkrusts, which has historical ties to Latvian fascism, continued to hold demonstrations and rallies advocating for nationalist and anti-immigrant ideologies.

Lithuania
Nationalist groups, especially those with neo-fascist ideologies, organized street marches to commemorate historical figures from Lithuania's interwar period, often invoking anti-Russian and anti-Semitic rhetoric. Pērkonkrusts also had ties to Lithuanian right-wing groups that participated in these demonstrations.

Malta Far-right groups began to express opposition to rising migration, particularly against the increasing number of African refugees arriving by sea. 

Netherlands
Far-right groups begin to organize small protests against immigration policies, focusing on concerns about the increasing number of Muslim immigrants. 

Romania Far-right protests and demonstrations began to grow, primarily fueled by nationalist groups like the Greater Romania Party (PRM). These protests focused on anti-immigrant sentiments, especially against Roma communities, and calls for stronger national identity in opposition to EU integration.

Belgium Hans Van Themsche, an 18-year-old student, went on a racially motivated shooting spree in Antwerp, killing two individuals and severely injuring another. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 2008.

Belgium Belgian authorities dismantled the neo-Nazi group Bloed, Bodem, Eer en Trouw (BBET), arresting 17 members, including 11 soldiers. The group was accused of planning terrorist attacks to destabilize Belgium.

Germany Increase in far-right violence, especially in the eastern states of Germany, with reports of assaults against immigrants and left-wing activists.

Hungary Witnessed the rise of far-right political movements, notably Jobbik, which would become a key player in Hungarian politics. The party began gaining traction with anti-Semitic, anti-Roma, and anti-immigrant rhetoric.

Ireland Far-right movements in Ireland began to gain visibility, especially in response to immigration. Some groups started organizing anti-immigrant protests and distributing hate literature.

Latvia A surge in far-right rhetoric and anti-Russian sentiment was observed, especially among nationalist political factions like the Latvian National Independence Movement. Anti-Russian protests increased, particularly around the time of Latvia's accession to the EU.

Lithuanian Far-right groups in Lithuania staged protests against the government's increasing liberalization on minority rights. These protests were centered around Lithuanian nationalism and the protection of the Lithuanian identity from perceived foreign influence.

Luxembourg A number of neo-fascist groups in Luxembourg began organizing more visible anti-immigrant demonstrations. However, they did not attract much support from the wider public, and these groups remained on the fringe.

Slovakia National Party (SNS), a far-right nationalist party, gained influence in the Slovak parliament. The party, led by Ján Slota, made inflammatory comments regarding ethnic minorities, particularly the Hungarian minority, and sought to promote Slovak nationalism through aggressive rhetoric.

Spain Nationalist and far-right groups ramp up their rhetoric in opposition to Spain's immigration policies. Several protests were organized in Madrid and Barcelona, targeting Muslim and African immigrants. These protests were marked by nationalist slogans and anti-immigrant violence in some regions.

Sweden Far-right groups such as Sverigedemokraterna (SD) began to increase their influence, staging protests and spreading anti-immigrant rhetoric. Clashes occurred between right-wing extremists and left-wing activists in several cities, particularly in Stockholm and Malmö, where tensions surrounding immigration were growing.

Denmark A Hells Angels-associated gang named Altid Klar-81 ("Always Ready") is formed to combat immigrant street gangs. AK81 is linked to various violent incidents, including shootings and clashes with rival groups.

Estonia The relocation of the Bronze Soldier, a Soviet-era war memorial in Tallinn, sparked widespread protests and riots. While the protests were not exclusively right-wing, they were exploited by nationalist groups to promote anti-Russian sentiments.

France During the presidential elections, right-wing extremist groups mobilized their supporters to protest against the potential rise of Sarkozy's more centrist politics, promoting their agenda of strict immigration control and nationalism.

Germany Neo-Nazi groups increased attacks on ethnic minorities and LGBT individuals, while radical right-wing political groups spread anti-immigrant and anti-Islamic rhetoric.

Greece Tensions between far-right extremists and immigrant communities increased, with violent attacks reported in Athens. There were also instances of far-right extremists targeting left-wing activists and ethnic minorities.

Italy The rise of far-right movements in Italy was noticeable, with political parties like Forza Nuova and CasaPound Italia gaining visibility through street actions and anti-immigrant rhetoric.

Italy The Federation of the Right was established by former fascists and far-right groups, advocating for stricter immigration laws and promoting nationalist ideologies.

Latvia Pērkonkrusts organize rallies and demonstrations promoting the idea of a "pure Latvian state," calling for a complete halt to immigration and a return to ethnic Latvian nationalism. These actions sometimes led to violent confrontations with anti-fascist groups.

Lithuania The far-right in Lithuania began showing a more public face with an increase in anti-immigrant rhetoric, particularly directed at non-European migrants and refugees. This period also saw growing tension between Lithuanian nationalists and the Russian-speaking minority.

Luxembourg The far-right began showing its influence through online platforms, promoting xenophobic rhetoric and anti-immigrant sentiment. Although protests were rare, extremist groups tried to gather more attention through hate speech, particularly targeting refugees and asylum seekers

Malta Nationalist groups organized protests against the government's refugee policies, particularly focusing on the increase in asylum seekers from African countries. They raised concerns about Malta's ability to handle the growing refugee numbers.

Netherlands Right-wing groups, including the Dutch nationalist party, organized protests against what they perceived as an increasingly multicultural society. They raised concerns about the impact of immigration, particularly from Muslim countries, and the threat posed to national identity.

Poland
The rise of the nationalist League of Polish Families (LPR) and other far-right factions led to several protests against the European Union's immigration policies. These groups were particularly concerned with the influx of immigrants from outside Europe, especially from Muslim-majority countries.

Portugal Nationalist groups, including small far-right organizations, held protests against immigration policies, particularly criticizing the government's stance on the integration of immigrants from Africa and Asia. The protests were part of a broader European trend of rising far-right activism.

Romania The PRM continued to hold anti-immigrant and anti-minority demonstrations. A rise in xenophobic rhetoric characterized these protests, with far-right groups advocating for more stringent controls on immigration, particularly against ethnic minorities and refugees.

Slovenia
The Slovenian National Party (SNS), a far-right nationalist party, became more vocal in its opposition to immigration and ethnic minorities, especially Roma. The party led several protests against the government’s approach to migrant and refugee policies, and supported the exclusion of minority communities in the public sphere.

Spain
The Spanish far-right party, Plataforma per Catalunya (PxC), gained visibility by organizing anti-immigrant rallies in Catalonia. The protests often involved violent clashes between nationalist demonstrators and counter-protesters, particularly in immigrant-dense urban areas.

Sweden Sverigedemokraterna made significant strides in the political landscape, especially in the south of Sweden. Anti-immigrant protests were organized by right-wing extremists, and violence against immigrants, particularly refugees from Middle Eastern countries, was reported in various parts of Sweden.

Austria A right-wing extremist killed a police officer during a standoff in Lower Austria. He was associated with neo-Nazi groups and had stockpiled weapons and Nazi propaganda.

Croatia Far-right groups organized public demonstrations, particularly in Zagreb, promoting nationalist ideologies and occasionally clashing with counter-protesters. These events highlighted the ongoing tensions within Croatian society regarding national identity and historical narratives.

France 
Several incidents involving violence against immigrants occurred, attributed to nationalist and far-right groups. The targeted groups were primarily ethnic minorities, with migrant communities in urban areas being the most affected.

Greece Pavlos Fyssas, a prominent anti-fascist rapper, was murdered by a Golden Dawn member, Giorgos Roupakias, sparking protests and outrage across Greece.

Hungary Far-right groups and extremists in Hungary began targeting Roma (Gypsies) with violence. There were several reported attacks on Roma communities, including murders. These incidents were largely blamed on right-wing nationalist elements.

Ireland Far-right groups used economic instability as a platform to promote nationalism and xenophobia.

Italy Far-right violence began to surface, particularly targeting immigrants and Roma communities. There were several attacks on immigrant neighborhoods in cities like Rome and Milan.

Lithuanian Far-right extremists were involved in incidents of violence during rallies and protests, particularly in response to Lithuania's decision to support the European Union's stance on the recognition of the Russian Federation. Nationalists associated with Pērkonkrusts and Lithuanian Nationalist Movement organized events that clashed with left-wing counter-protesters.

Slovakia Rise in extremist right-wing activities, with several nationalist groups, including Slovenská pospolitosť (Slovak Togetherness), staging rallies and protests. These groups voiced strong opposition to immigration, the European Union, and the influence of ethnic minorities, especially Romani and Hungarian communities.

Slovenia The far-right continued to rise with SNS and Zeleni Slovenija (Green Slovenia), both groups aligning against immigration policies and the presence of minorities, particularly the Roma community. There were multiple incidents of verbal attacks and aggressive rhetoric against Roma people.

Spain Nationalist and right-wing extremists continued their protests, calling for the expulsion of immigrants, particularly from Muslim-majority countries. The PxC led a number of public events that encouraged xenophobia, with violent altercations reported in regions like Barcelona and Tarragona.

Sweden
Right-wing extremists linked to Sverigedemokraterna continued to organize anti-immigrant rallies, with violent clashes between far-right groups and counter-protesters. Malmö, in particular, saw several instances of right-wing violence targeting Muslim communities.

Germany The beginnings of PEGIDA (Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamization of the West) can be traced to the growing protests in Dresden, which would later become a larger anti-Islam movement.

Hungary Jobbik, the far-right party, continued to grow in influence, with its anti-Roma and anti-Semitic positions being voiced more openly during political debates.

Irland The Irish National Party (INP), a far-right political party, was founded in 2009, advocating for Irish nationalism, opposition to immigration, and the return to a "pure" Irish identity.

Latvia A far-right rally organized by Pērkonkrusts in Riga was held under the banner of national pride, with a strong focus on anti-immigrant rhetoric, which stirred tensions in multicultural parts of the capital.

Lithuania Right-wing extremism was especially visible during the economic downturn in Lithuania, with far-right groups blaming migrants and the EU for economic hardship. These groups organized protests against the government's handling of the crisis, while some of their rhetoric became more nationalistic and anti-immigrant.

Luxembourg Nationalist sentiment continued to rise, particularly in relation to European Union integration and migration policies. However, Luxembourg remained relatively peaceful compared to other European nations, with no major violent incidents linked to far-right groups.

Sweden Far-right violence in Sweden escalated as Sverigedemokraterna continued to push their nationalist, anti-immigrant agenda. Protests in cities like Göteborg and Malmö turned violent, with confrontations between right-wing extremists and immigrant communities.

Greece A series of attacks on immigrant communities occurred, particularly in Athens. Golden Dawn and other far-right groups were responsible for some of the violence, targeting people of African, Afghan, and Pakistani descent.

Hungary Jobbik achieved significant electoral success in Hungary's parliamentary elections, securing 12.2% of the vote and entering the National Assembly. This marked a shift toward mainstream acceptance of far-right ideologies.

Ireland Far-right groups organized several anti-immigrant protests, particularly against the increasing number of asylum seekers and the growing diversity in Irish society.

Italy Far-right group Forza Nuova held protests against the government’s immigration policies and organized anti-Muslim rallies. Tensions began to rise with increasing anti-immigrant sentiment.

Latvia The far-right political party National Alliance became more vocal in the national political discourse, promoting stricter immigration laws and policies aimed at reducing the influence of Russian-speaking communities in Latvia.

Lithuania Far-right extremist groups in Lithuania continued to push a narrative of Lithuanian nationalism and anti-immigrant rhetoric. Protests escalated, with some members of extremist factions inciting violence against ethnic minorities, including Roma and Russian-speaking residents.

Malta The first significant anti-immigration protest was organized by far-right groups, calling for tighter controls on Malta’s refugee intake. These protests marked the beginning of an increase in far-right activism focused on immigration issues.

Netherlands The right-wing party, Geert Wilders' Party for Freedom (PVV), gained popularity with its anti-immigration stance. Wilders’ rhetoric became more aggressive, and the PVV held a number of rallies and public demonstrations against what they called "Islamization" of the Netherlands. The rise of this party marked a significant moment in the Dutch far-right movement.

Poland LPR and other right-wing groups continued to protest against the government’s pro-European stance on immigration. They raised concerns about the integration of refugees and criticized the government for its openness to accepting migrants from non-European countries.

Portugal The rise of nationalist sentiment led to a series of small protests against the government’s handling of immigration, with groups such as The National Renovator Party (PNR) becoming more vocal in their opposition to the influx of immigrants, particularly from non-European countries.

Romania PRM and other nationalist groups organized several protests against the government's pro-EU policies and immigration laws. These protests were framed around the perceived threat of foreign influence on Romanian culture and society.

Slovakia ĽSNS (People's Party of Slovakia), a far-right populist party led by Marian Kotleba, started gaining momentum with its anti-Roma and anti-immigrant rhetoric. They organized protests and used inflammatory language targeting ethnic minorities and advocating for the preservation of Slovak national identity.

Slovenia Right-wing extremism surged with anti-immigrant sentiment being promoted by several groups. Far-right activists protested against the European Union’s migration policies, with the SNS leading some rallies and demonstrations calling for stricter controls on immigration, particularly from Muslim countries.

Spain Far-rights organized a series of violent street protests against the increasing number of refugees and immigrants in Spain. There were reports of attacks against immigrants, especially in southern Spain, where far-right groups blamed migrants for rising unemployment and social issues.

Sweden Sverigedemokraterna became a major force in Swedish politics after entering the Swedish Parliament. Right-wing extremists, emboldened by the party’s rise, organized violent protests against refugees and immigrants, particularly in southern Sweden.

Bulgaria The Ataka Party, a nationalist and far-right political party, gained increasing support. The party often used inflammatory language against ethnic minorities, especially the Roma and Turkish communities, and advocated for stronger measures to protect Bulgarian heritage.

Bulgaria Anti-refugee sentiments began to grow, especially in relation to the increasing influx of refugees from Syria and Afghanistan. Far-right groups organized protests, often accompanied by violent clashes with counter-protesters.

Croatia The Croatian Party of Rights, a nationalist and neo-fascist political party, gained attention during this period. The party's activities included organizing events that promoted Croatian nationalism and occasionally involved controversial rhetoric.

Cyprus The National Popular Front (ELAM), a nationalist and far-right political party, gained attention during this period. The party's activities included organizing events that promoted Greek Cypriot nationalism and occasionally involved controversial rhetoric.

Denmark Right-wing extremist groups organized demonstrations in Copenhagen and other cities, protesting against the perceived Islamization of Denmark. These events were marked by nationalist rhetoric and occasionally led to clashes with counter-protesters.

Germany The far-right terrorist group NSU, responsible for 10 murders between 2000 and 2007, was uncovered. The victims were mostly immigrants of Turkish and Greek origin.

Greece Golden Dawn escalated its attacks on migrants, with organized groups attacking immigrant neighborhoods and refugee shelters. The party's members were increasingly involved in street violence and hate crimes.

Hungary Protests organized by Jobbik and other far-right groups erupted in Hungary, particularly in areas with large Roma populations. The protests were violent and often escalated into clashes between protesters and police.

Ireland An anti-immigrant protest organized by far-right groups took place in Dublin. This event was notable for its connection to broader European nationalist movements.

Italy Attacks by neo-fascist groups in several cities across Italy targeted Roma settlements and immigrants. Far-right groups began to target urban areas with rising refugee populations.

Latvia Nationalist groups held anti-immigrant rallies in Riga, particularly targeting the Russian-speaking minority in Latvia. This period saw a spike in xenophobic rhetoric in political discourse, coinciding with the ongoing economic challenges Latvia faced during the aftermath of the financial crisis.

Lithuania The far-right group Lithuanian Nationalists staged protests against Lithuania's EU membership, with specific focus on the country's economic dependency on the EU. Anti-Russian sentiment was high during this period, and anti-Semitic rhetoric was increasingly apparent in public statements by extremist leaders.

Luxembourg The Luxembourg Nationalist Party (LNP) was formed, though it remained marginal and did not gain much traction in mainstream politics. It espoused nationalist and anti-immigrant rhetoric, organizing protests against increasing immigration levels.

Netherlands Far-right groups held demonstrations against the Dutch government’s stance on immigration and integration, particularly criticizing policies perceived as favoring refugees from Muslim-majority countries. There were violent clashes between anti-fascist groups and far-right activists.

Spain The extreme-right group Movimiento Social Republicano (MSR) and Democracia Nacional gained momentum with a more aggressive anti-immigration campaign. The MSR organized public rallies that were often followed by violent clashes with left-wing activists. Anti-refugee sentiment became increasingly visible in urban areas.

Sweden Right-wing violence intensified as Sverigedemokraterna gained more support. A series of protests targeting immigration policies led to clashes with police and counter-protesters, particularly in Stockholm and Malmö, where there was a rising tension between right-wing groups and immigrant communities.

France A far-right extremist attack occurred when Mohamed Merah, a French-Algerian gunman, killed seven people, including three children at a Jewish school in Toulouse. The attack was linked to Islamic radicalization, but it resonated with far-right groups in France who later used the event to propagate anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant ideologies.

Germany A rise in violence against refugees and migrants in Germany, with attacks on refugee shelters, assaults on immigrants, and ongoing physical confrontations.

Greece Golden Dawn gained political representation in Greece’s national elections, entering parliament with a significant number of seats, thereby legitimizing far-right ideologies.

Hungary Jobbik and other far-right groups continued to use anti-Semitic and anti-Roma rhetoric in their campaigns. This rhetoric was coupled with violent actions and hate speech.

Italy CasaPound Italia organized numerous rallies against the European Union and immigration. The group’s activities escalated into violent protests against migrant shelters in Rome.

Lithuania A rise in neo-fascist activities was recorded in Lithuania, with Pērkonkrusts taking part in violent demonstrations, particularly in response to the influx of immigrants. The group organized anti-refugee marches and engaged in direct clashes with left-wing and anti-fascist activists.

Malta Far-right groups such as Forza Nuova and others began organizing larger demonstrations against the government's handling of migration, particularly focusing on the perceived threat of Muslim migrants.

Slovakia ĽSNS continued to grow, with more far-right demonstrations against Roma communities. The party called for strict measures to curb the influence of the Roma population, including segregation and exclusion from society. The party's rhetoric and public appearances sparked tensions between various ethnic groups.

Slovenia SNS and other right-wing organizations increasingly targeted refugees and migrants, organizing public protests against their arrival in Slovenia. Anti-Roma sentiments also grew, with multiple public demonstrations aimed at forcing Roma communities out of certain regions.

Spain Right-wing extremists, including groups like Democracia Nacional, escalated their activities, staging demonstrations and street protests against the government’s policies on refugees. The Spanish far-right began to link the economic crisis to the rise in immigration, fueling xenophobic rhetoric and attacks on migrants.

Sweden Anti-immigrant protests organized by Sverigedemokraterna and other far-right groups became more common. Violent incidents occurred, particularly in Malmö, where several attacks on refugee centers and migrant communities were reported.

Austria Authorities uncovered a plot involving right-wing extremists planning to send letter bombs to political figures and organizations advocating for immigrant rights. The swift intervention prevented potential attacks, highlighting the ongoing threat posed by such groups.

Belgium Belgian police arrested a man in Liège who was stockpiling weapons and planning attacks against immigrant communities. He was reportedly inspired by Anders Behring Breivik.

Bulgaria Right-wing extremists were reported to be involved in protests and riots in cities like Vidin and Sofia, driven by anti-Roma sentiment. Several clashes between right-wing groups and Roma communities were reported.

Denmark The anti-Islamic movement Pegida established a branch in Denmark. Pegida Denmark organized several demonstrations, promoting anti-Islamic and anti-immigrant sentiments.

Estonia The EKRE, a nationalist and anti-immigrant political party, gained prominence. The party's activities included organizing events that promoted Estonian nationalism and occasionally involved controversial rhetoric.

Finnland The Finns Party, a nationalist and anti-immigrant political party, gained prominence. The party's activities included organizing events that promoted Finnish nationalism and occasionally involved controversial rhetoric.

France Marine Le Pen's National Front continued to rise in influence during this period, leveraging growing discontent around immigration policies and EU governance. While the National Front is a political party and not a terror group, its rhetoric often aligned with far-right extremist ideologies, fueling division and hate.

Germany PEGIDA (Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamization of the West) was founded in Dresden by Lutz Bachmann. This movement gained international attention for its anti-Islam and anti-refugee stance.

Greece The murder of rapper Pavlos Fyssas by a Golden Dawn member led to mass protests, and the Greek government launched a crackdown on the group.

Hungary Far-right extremists in Hungary launched attacks on immigrant communities, especially targeting refugees and asylum seekers.

Ireland A far-right group organized a march in Dublin, which was attended by various nationalist and anti-immigrant factions. The protest included hate speech against refugees and asylum seekers.

Italy The CasaPound movement expanded, with members engaging in aggressive street actions, particularly in Rome, Milan, and Naples. They targeted the LGBTQ+ community and immigrant groups, leading to several violent incidents.

Latvia A series of right-wing protests against LGBT rights took place, including violent clashes between far-right groups and activists advocating for the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals.

Lithuania Lithuanian Nationalist Movement increased its presence in politics and street activism. Far-right rhetoric and marches targeting ethnic minorities, especially the Russian-speaking population, became more common, with public demonstrations opposing Lithuania's role in the European Union.

Luxembourg Far-right groups in Luxembourg began using social media more effectively to spread anti-immigrant views and anti-EU rhetoric. However, despite occasional protests, there was no major escalation of violence or high-profile extremist actions in the country.

Poland The National Radical Camp (ONR), a far-right nationalist group, gained attention with its street protests against immigration policies. They protested against the European Union’s proposed quotas for refugee relocation, focusing particularly on opposition to refugees from Muslim-majority countries.

Romania The far-right group Noua Dreaptă (New Right) gained increased visibility, organizing rallies against the European Union and pushing anti-immigration agendas. These groups were vocal in their opposition to refugees, particularly from non-European countries, and were critical of Romania's participation in EU refugee relocation programs.

Spain Far-right violence escalated with a series of attacks on immigrant communities, particularly in Catalonia, which saw a rise in attacks against North African and sub-Saharan migrants. These incidents were often accompanied by protests organized by nationalist groups like PxC.

Sweden Sverigedemokraterna continued to dominate Swedish far-right politics, organizing protests that led to violent incidents in Malmö and Stockholm. The rise in anti-immigrant sentiment and xenophobic violence in southern Sweden was particularly marked during this year.

Belgium There was an increase in far-right activities targeting the growing refugee population in Belgium, including vandalism of refugee shelters and hate crimes against individuals.

Bulgaria Far-right groups were linked to vandalism and attacks on refugee centers. In Sofia, refugees and asylum seekers faced harassment, often from far-right activists claiming to protect the “national identity” from foreign influence.

Bulgaria In the same period, there were reports of hate crimes, including physical assaults on individuals from minority communities. Far-right groups, including Ataka, were accused of inciting violence during public protests.

Croatia Far-right groups were linked to incidents of vandalism and violence targeting Serb and migrant communities. These actions were often fueled by nationalist ideologies and a desire to protect Croatian identity.

Cyprus Far-right groups were linked to incidents of vandalism and violence targeting Turkish Cypriot and migrant communities. These actions were often fueled by nationalist ideologies and a desire to protect Greek Cypriot identity.

Czech Republic Far-right groups were linked to incidents of vandalism and violence targeting Roma and migrant communities. These actions were often fueled by nationalist ideologies and a desire to protect Czech identity.

France A far-right extremist attacked a Jewish cemetery in Strasbourg, vandalizing several graves and tombstones. This act was part of a broader wave of anti-Semitic violence in France, which was often linked to the rise of far-right nationalism and the portrayal of Jews as part of an enemy "elite" alongside immigrants.

Germany With the growing refugee crisis, right-wing groups escalated their attacks on refugee shelters, including arson and violent protests.

Greece Golden Dawn members and sympathizers target migrants, left-wing activists, and LGBTQ+ communities with physical violence.

Hungary Attacks on Roma communities, anti-immigrant sentiment grows stronger in Hungarian society. Far-right groups staged violent protests, leading to tensions within the Hungarian population.

Ireland Far-right groups in Ireland became more vocal in their opposition to immigration, particularly targeting Roma and African immigrants. Tensions began to rise as political leaders struggled to address these issues.

Italy In Milan, far-right extremists attacked a refugee shelter, with the intention of evicting migrant families. Later that year, anti-immigrant and anti-refugee rallies increased, with clashes between protesters and police.

Latvia The Latvian Nationalists party began to gain more traction with a hardline anti-Russian stance, coinciding with Russia's annexation of Crimea. Far-right groups rallied in support of Latvian nationalism, emphasizing the ethnic purity of Latvia and hostile rhetoric toward Russian-speaking citizens.

Lithuania Far-right extremists in Lithuania took part in protests against Ukraine's crisis and the Russian invasion of Crimea. While the focus was ostensibly on supporting Ukraine, the rhetoric was also heavily anti-Russian, and many far-right groups utilized the situation to amplify their anti-immigrant and nationalistic stance.

Luxembourg Witnessed a series of protests by far-right and nationalist groups, largely focused on opposition to immigration policies within the European Union. These protests were often countered by anti-fascist demonstrations, preventing large-scale violence.

Netherlands Right-wing extremist groups in the Netherlands, including Pegida Nederland, started organizing protests in opposition to Islam and immigration. These protests were met with significant counter-protests and were marked by aggressive rhetoric against migrants and Islam.

Slovakia The rise of far-right parties like ĽSNS and their nationalist ideologies intensified. Anti-immigrant demonstrations became common, particularly targeting the EU’s migrant policies. Far-right activists promoted slogans such as "Slovakia for Slovaks" and expressed opposition to the perceived influence of refugees and minorities.

Spain Far-right groups, including Partido Popular (PP) members with nationalist affiliations, increasingly mobilized against refugees and immigrants. PxC and MSR led protests against the government's stance on immigration, and violent incidents targeting immigrants were reported in regions like Barcelona and Madrid.

Sweden Right-wing violence increased, with Sverigedemokraterna continuing their rise in the national elections. There were several attacks on immigrant communities and refugee centers, particularly in Malmö, where far-right extremists targeted asylum seekers and refugees. Violent clashes between far-right groups and left-wing activists were also reported.

France While the Charlie Hebdo attacks were carried out by Islamist extremists, the event also had a significant impact on the far-right in France. Many far-right groups capitalized on the attack to fuel their own anti-Islamic agenda, resulting in an increase in anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim violence.

Germany The mass influx of refugees into Germany, coupled with the rise of far-right movements like PEGIDA, fueled anti-refugee protests and violence.

Ireland Pegida, a far-right anti-Islam movement, began to establish a presence in Ireland in 2015. The movement’s leader and members organized protests, focusing on opposition to Islam and Muslim immigration.

Italy The Forza Nuova group organized a series of marches against migrants, refugees, and the EU, often using racist and xenophobic rhetoric. There were several instances of violence between their supporters and counter-protesters.

Latvia Anti-immigrant protests rose sharply as Latvia began to receive more refugees from the Middle East as part of the European Union's relocation plan. National Alliance organized a series of rallies demanding the rejection of refugee quotas.

Lithuania A significant surge in anti-refugee sentiment in Lithuania led to street protests organized by far-right groups. Lithuanian Nationalists and other extremist groups rallied against the EU's refugee relocation plan, frequently engaging in violent clashes with pro-refugee activists.

Luxembourg Right-wing extremism became more visible with protests against the European Union's refugee relocation quotas, although Luxembourg did not experience the same intensity of far-right violence seen in other European countries. Nonetheless, there was a notable increase in hate speech against migrants and refugees.

Malta Amid the European refugee crisis, far-right groups in Malta organized protests against the government’s handling of refugees, demanding the country close its borders to migrants. These protests were fueled by rising concerns over the EU’s relocation scheme for refugees.

Netherlands As the European migrant crisis unfolded, far-right parties and groups in the Netherlands, particularly PVV, staged protests against the influx of refugees. Demonstrations calling for tighter immigration controls became more frequent, with anti-immigrant and anti-Islam messages central to their campaigns.

Poland Following the European migrant crisis, far-right groups, including ONR and Kukiz'15, held large protests against the government’s handling of refugees. The protests were marked by a significant rise in anti-Muslim rhetoric, with nationalist groups calling for Poland to reject EU refugee quotas and tighten immigration controls.

Portugal As the European migrant crisis unfolded, right-wing parties such as PNR and others began organizing more frequent protests. They framed the crisis as a threat to Portugal’s national security, economy, and culture, particularly in relation to Muslim refugees and asylum seekers. These protests were focused on keeping Portugal's borders closed and rejecting EU relocation schemes.

Romania Noua Dreaptă and other nationalist organizations organized large anti-immigration demonstrations, particularly against the European Union’s refugee quotas. The protests featured anti-refugee and anti-Muslim rhetoric, calling for Romania to reject the relocation of refugees from the Middle East and North Africa.

Slovakia ĽSNS organized several protests against the European Union’s migrant relocation policies. This included aggressive anti-refugee and anti-immigrant demonstrations, which saw violence from right-wing extremists targeting minority groups, especially Roma and Muslims.

Slovenia As part of the refugee crisis in Europe, Slovenia saw a rise in far-right activity. The SNS, alongside other nationalist groups, mobilized protests against refugees entering the country, using strong anti-Muslim rhetoric. Right-wing extremists were involved in confrontations with counter-protesters, and there were reports of verbal and physical attacks on refugees and migrants.

Spain The refugee crisis in Europe further radicalized right-wing groups in Spain. PxC organized large protests against the European Union’s refugee quotas, and there were violent incidents involving clashes between far-right demonstrators and immigrant communities. Right-wing extremist groups used the protests to push anti-refugee, anti-Muslim messages.

Sweden The European refugee crisis exacerbated far-right sentiments in Sweden. Sverigedemokraterna became more influential, and right-wing extremist groups organized protests against the government’s handling of refugees. Violent incidents, including attacks on migrant shelters, were reported in Stockholm, Malmö, and Göteborg.

Austria The Identitarian Movement Austria (Identitäre Bewegung Österreich, IBÖ) gained national attention for their provocative protests against immigration and Islam.

Austria Austrian authorities investigated the IBÖ for potential connections to extremist violence. While not directly linked to terroristic acts, their rhetoric and symbolism were found to inspire others with far-right views.

Bulgaria Reported a rise in xenophobic and racist attacks, particularly aimed at refugees and ethnic minorities. The far-right political rhetoric, combined with nationalist groups like Ataka and the Bulgarian National Union, contributed to an atmosphere of intolerance.

Bulgaria Far-right groups used the migration crisis as a rallying point, organizing marches and protests against the “Islamization” of Bulgaria and the perceived threat posed by migrants.

Croatia Reports indicated a rise in hate crimes, including attacks on ethnic minorities and migrants, attributed to the activities of far-right groups. These incidents underscored the persistent challenges in combating right-wing extremism in Croatia.

Cyprus Reports indicated a rise in hate crimes, including attacks on ethnic minorities and migrants, attributed to the activities of far-right groups. These incidents underscored the persistent challenges in combating right-wing extremism in Cyprus.

Czech Republic Reports indicated a rise in hate crimes, including attacks on ethnic minorities and migrants, attributed to the activities of far-right groups. These incidents underscored the persistent challenges in combating right-wing extremism in the Czech Republic.

France Period of a significant rise in hate crimes and attacks attributed to far-right groups, targeting immigrants, Muslims, and the LGBTQ+ community. These groups made use of online platforms to radicalize more individuals and organize street violence.

Germany David S., a far-right extremist, killed nine people in a shooting spree in Munich, targeting immigrants, particularly of Turkish descent. This attack was motivated by far-right ideologies.

Greece Far-right violence against refugees increased, especially in areas where the refugee crisis caused tensions. Far-right extremists attacked refugee camps and targeted individuals they deemed "foreign" or "undesirable."

Hungary The government, led by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, took a hard stance against the European Union’s refugee resettlement quotas. Far-right groups took advantage of this political climate to organize protests against refugees.

Ireland In the wake of the migrant crisis, anti-immigrant groups began to organize more openly, using social media platforms to spread nationalist and xenophobic ideologies. Far-right factions targeted refugees and migrants arriving in Ireland.

Italy Far-right political groups gained significant attention in Italy as Fratelli d'Italia (Brothers of Italy) rose in prominence. Their platform was marked by strong opposition to immigration, the European Union, and globalism.

Latvia Anti-Russian sentiment peaked, with far-right groups holding rallies that criticized Russian influence in Latvia, often with xenophobic overtones targeting Russian-speaking Latvians. Several violent incidents occurred during protests, with some individuals associated with the far-right arrested for hate crimes.

Lithuania Far-right movements gain strength in response to the EU’s refugee crisis. A series of rallies organized by nationalists, such as the Lithuanian National Front, expressed opposition to the country's asylum policies. Violence during protests and anti-immigrant actions were documented, particularly in the capital, Vilnius.

Luxembourg Anti-immigration sentiment grew, largely in response to the ongoing migrant crisis in Europe. Right-wing groups in Luxembourg organized public rallies that condemned the EU's refugee relocation policies. These rallies were mostly peaceful but accompanied by significant online hate speech.

Netherlands Far-right groups in the Netherlands held multiple anti-refugee protests, particularly focusing on the European Union's refugee relocation policies. The PVV leader, Geert Wilders, continued to push an anti-immigrant, anti-Islam agenda, and these views were increasingly reflected in public protests organized by his supporters.

Poland Nationalist and far-right groups, including ONR and All-Poland Youth, held protests against the Polish government's refugee policies. They framed the influx of refugees as a threat to Poland’s national identity, cultural values, and security. This year marked the peak of anti-immigrant sentiment within Polish far-right movements.

Portugal Far-right and nationalist groups continued to protest against the arrival of refugees and immigrants, with particular opposition to the EU’s refugee redistribution quotas. These protests were part of a broader European movement that linked immigration with concerns over national security and cultural identity.

Slovakia ĽSNS, along with other far-right groups, led a campaign against the migration policies of the European Union. They voiced strong opposition to the EU’s efforts to relocate refugees, with protests that turned violent in some instances. Anti-Roma sentiment continued to rise as well, with several incidents of aggression targeting Roma communities.

Slovenia Nationalist and far-right groups in Slovenia staged several anti-refugee demonstrations. The SNS led a campaign against the refugee quota system and the settlement of migrants in Slovenia. There were violent protests and a rise in hate speech directed at migrant communities, especially from those advocating for Slovenia to remain "ethnically pure."

Spain Right-wing extremists begin organizing more visible campaigns against the settlement of refugees and immigrants. MSR and other far-right groups held protests that were often marred by violent confrontations with migrants, particularly in southern Spain. These protests were part of a broader European trend of right-wing nationalism.

Sweden Far-right violence continued to escalate in Sweden, with several high-profile attacks on refugees and immigrants. Sverigedemokraterna held large rallies, often followed by violent clashes with counter-protesters and immigrant communities. The rhetoric of these groups became more extreme, blaming refugees for rising crime and unemployment.

Austria The Austrian intelligence service uncovered a network of right-wing extremists stockpiling weapons. The operation revealed a growing trend of paramilitary training among far-right groups.

Austria Numerous hate crimes and anti-immigrant attacks were linked to individuals radicalized by neo-Nazi and identitarian ideologies.

Belgium Belgian security services identified connections between local right-wing extremists and international groups such as Soldiers of Odin and Combat 18.

Bulgaria In Sofia, far-right groups, including members of the Bulgarian National Union (BNU), organized a march against the refugee settlement policy in Bulgaria. The march was largely composed of ultra-nationalists, who displayed banners promoting anti-refugee, anti-immigrant, and anti-Turkish rhetoric.

Bulgaria The protest led to violent clashes with counter-demonstrators, and far-right groups used the event to further push their nationalistic agenda.

Croatia Studies highlighted the influence of far-right ideologies on Croatian youth, with some individuals expressing support for extremist views and engaging in related activities. This trend raised concerns about the future trajectory of right-wing extremism in the country.

France A far-right extremist, Omar Diaby, carried out a knife attack on a police officer in Paris. While this incident did not result in fatalities, it reflected the growing presence of far-right extremism in urban centers and raised concerns about the security environment in France.

Germany Far-right riots took place in Heidenau, Saxony, where anti-refugee protests turned violent, resulting in clashes with police and damage to property.

Germany The far-right rally in Charlottesville, USA, sparked far-right demonstrations and gatherings across Europe, including Germany. Right-wing extremists used it as an opportunity to spread their rhetoric.

Greece Far-right protests against immigration policies were held in Athens, with Golden Dawn and other nationalist groups organizing large rallies.

Hungary Far-right extremists, including Jobbik supporters, escalated attacks on LGBTQ+ people, with violent protests and harassment targeting the LGBTQ+ community.

Ireland Tensions escalated in several Irish cities as far-right groups targeted migrant shelters, using direct action tactics to disrupt the reception of refugees and migrants.

Italy Far-right rallies against migrants and refugees became common, with several violent attacks on immigrant shelters. CasaPound and Forza Nuova organized large demonstrations with far-right symbols, invoking fascist nostalgia and promoting anti-immigrant messages.

Latvia The far-right group Latvian National Front organized a large anti-immigrant rally in Riga, calling for the expulsion of immigrants and the preservation of Latvia’s ethnic Latvian identity.

Lithuania Anti-immigrant protests and demonstrations, especially against Syrian refugees, were organized by far-right groups in Lithuania. These groups, many associated with Lithuanian Nationalists and Pērkonkrusts, engaged in violent confrontations with counter-demonstrators and pushed for a strict anti-immigration stance.

Malta Far-right movements in Malta saw a resurgence, organizing protests against EU refugee relocation policies and Malta’s role in accepting asylum seekers. Groups used slogans like “Malta for the Maltese” to push their nationalist agenda.

Netherlands Far-right protests in the Netherlands escalated, particularly in response to the government’s stance on asylum seekers and integration policies. Anti-immigrant rhetoric was widespread, with some groups calling for the closure of mosques and a complete halt to immigration.

Poland Far-right demonstrations continued, especially in response to the European Union's refugee relocation policies. Polish nationalist groups took part in protests against the EU’s plans, and there was an increase in public displays of anti-Islam sentiment. Polish nationalists, including groups like ONR, called for the complete closure of Poland's borders to refugees and immigrants from Muslim-majority countries.

Romania Witnessed a rise in far-right activity, particularly in opposition to the influx of refugees into Europe. Noua Dreaptă and other nationalist factions continued to organize protests against the EU’s migrant policies, and anti-refugee sentiment grew among segments of the population.

Slovakia Far-right activists from ĽSNS were involved in organizing large protests against migrants and Roma communities, with violent clashes occurring during some of these demonstrations. The far-right also began to target left-wing activists, accusing them of promoting liberalism and multiculturalism.

Slovenia Anti-immigrant demonstrations continued, with the SNS and similar groups targeting migrants, particularly refugees from Muslim-majority countries. These protests were marked by the use of extreme rhetoric and, at times, violent actions against migrant groups and counter-demonstrators.

Spain Right-wing violence in Spain reached a peak in Catalonia, where the far-right group Democracia Nacionalengaged in violent protests against Catalan independence supporters. Anti-immigrant sentiments remained high, particularly in response to increasing numbers of refugees arriving on Spain’s southern coast.

Sweden Sverigedemokraterna continued to rise in popularity, and right-wing extremists in Sweden organized more anti-immigrant demonstrations. Attacks on immigrant communities, particularly in Malmö and Stockholm, spiked as far-right violence spread across the country.

Bulgaria Reports surfaced that far-right groups were directly involved in incidents of violence against refugees, especially in border areas like Kapitan Andreevo. Far-right activists were involved in harassing refugee groups attempting to enter the country, sometimes physically blocking their paths.

Bulgaria Several far-right factions also organized “defense” movements to patrol border areas, claiming to protect Bulgaria’s borders from the influx of refugees.

France The Yellow Vest movement, initially a grassroots protest against fuel taxes, saw infiltration by far-right groups. These groups, particularly nationalist factions, sought to hijack the protests to push their anti-immigration and anti-government agenda. This led to several violent clashes between protesters and police.

Germany Walter Lübcke, a pro-refugee politician, was murdered by Stephan Ernst, a far-right extremist. The murder highlighted the growing threat of political violence from the far-right in Germany.

Greece Far-right groups in Greece, including Golden Dawn, organized violent protests against immigration and EU policies, especially focusing on the country's stance toward the refugee crisis.

Hungary The government, along with far-right movements, increased their anti-migrant rhetoric. Public billboards and posters were displayed targeting migrants, and far-right groups held rallies to oppose migration.

Ireland Several far-right groups began to gain momentum, particularly in online spaces. They organized protests against immigration and the presence of refugees in Ireland, with a strong anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant focus.

Italy Matteo Salvini, the leader of Lega Nord (Northern League), became Italy’s Minister of the Interior and pushed forward a hardline stance against immigration. During this period, violence from far-right groups against migrants and activists increased.

Latvia Far-right groups in Latvia began organizing protests against the European Union, particularly in relation to policies on refugees and immigration. The National Alliance continued to increase its presence in local politics, with strong anti-EU rhetoric.

Lithuania The far-right continued to challenge Lithuania's EU policies, especially concerning migration. The Lithuanian Nationalists held rallies targeting not just refugees but also the LGBTQ+ community, with increased violence and hate crimes directed at perceived foreign threats.

Luxembourg Right-wing extremists held protests against both the EU’s refugee policies and the increasing Muslim presence in the country. However, these protests remained small and were often countered by larger, peaceful anti-fascist demonstrations.

Poland Far-right movements in Poland, particularly ONR and Kukiz'15, continued to mobilize against immigration, with frequent protests against government policies perceived as too accommodating to migrants and refugees. These protests were often linked to broader nationalist and anti-EU rhetoric.

Portugal Right-wing demonstrations, particularly from the PNR and Chega, increased in opposition to immigration policies. The rhetoric became more aggressive, and protesters voiced opposition to the government’s acceptance of refugees and immigrants, framing them as threats to Portuguese society.

Romania Noua Dreaptă led a series of protests against Romania’s support for EU refugee quotas. These protests were framed around nationalism and national identity, with far-right groups positioning themselves as protectors of Romanian cultural values against foreign influences.

Slovakia Right-wing extremism continued to spread, with ĽSNS organizing demonstrations against the government’s stance on refugees and minorities. Anti-Roma violence increased during this time, with several attacks on Roma communities and calls for their removal from Slovak society.

Slovenia Saw a growing influence of far-right groups, with protests intensifying against the government’s stance on refugee resettlement. SNS continued its role in stoking nationalist sentiment and organizing street protests against migrants, while xenophobic rhetoric became more prominent in the media and political discourse.

Spain Far-right parties like VOX gained increasing attention due to their anti-immigrant and nationalist rhetoric. Their influence was evident in demonstrations against immigration, particularly in southern Spain, where clashes between far-right groups and migrant communities increased.

Sweden The rise of Sverigedemokraterna continued, and anti-immigrant violence became more widespread. In cities like Malmö and Göteborg, there were numerous reports of right-wing extremist attacks on refugees and immigrants. Violent protests against immigration policies led to clashes with police and left-wing counter-protesters.

Austria it was revealed that the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand had donated money to Austrian far-right groups, including the Identitarian Movement Austria (IBÖ). This connection prompted investigations into the activities and international links of Austrian right-wing extremists.

Belgium Authorities dismantled a network of Belgian neo-Nazis accused of spreading violent propaganda and attempting to incite attacks. Several members were found to have links to the military.

Bulgaria Authorities conducted raids against far-right extremist groups suspected of planning terrorist attacks and organizing hate crimes. Several arrests were made as part of investigations into the activities of neo-Nazi and ultra-nationalist factions.

Bulgaria During this time, the Bulgarian National Union (BNU) was identified as a key group involved in violent anti-minority activities. Several members were reportedly involved in the distribution of extremist propaganda.

Denmark There were reports of attacks on migrant communities, including vandalism and physical assaults, attributed to individuals associated with far-right groups.

France Throughout 2019, right-wing extremist groups in France were linked to several violent acts against Jewish and Muslim communities. The violence stemmed from anti-immigrant and anti-Islam sentiments, with far-right groups seeking to exacerbate existing societal tensions.

Germany A far-right extremist attempted to attack a synagogue in Halle on Yom Kippur but was thwarted by police. The attacker then killed two people at a nearby kebab shop, leaving a manifesto filled with anti-Semitic and anti-immigrant views.

Greece The trial of Golden Dawn members for their involvement in various criminal activities, including the murder of Pavlos Fyssas, marked a significant moment in the battle against far-right extremism in Greece. 

Greece Far-right extremists attacked a migrant camp in Thessaloniki, leaving several people injured. This was part of a broader pattern of anti-immigrant violence fueled by nationalist ideologies.

Hungary A split within Jobbik occurred, as the party became more radicalized, with far-right factions gaining more power. This led to a more open embrace of nationalist and anti-Semitic rhetoric.

Ireland The far-right political party Identity Ireland became more active in promoting anti-immigrant and nationalist policies. They called for stricter immigration laws and criticized the Irish government's response to the refugee crisis.

Italy Saw a rise in attacks against immigrants, especially following the government’s crackdown on refugee boats. Anti-Muslim protests and rallies were organized by far-right factions, further exacerbating social tensions.

Latvia The National Alliance and other far-right groups increased their participation in rallies that criticized the EU's migrant policies and the country's asylum-seeker intake program. There were several reports of violence between far-right and anti-fascist counter-protesters.

Lithuania Far-right extremist actions in Lithuania were increasingly coordinated, with rallies focusing on anti-refugee sentiment, opposition to EU policies, and xenophobic rhetoric. Several hate crime incidents, particularly against immigrants and ethnic minorities, were reported during this period.

Luxembourg Right-wing extremist activities remained low, with a few isolated hate crimes reported against immigrants and refugees. The rhetoric of far-right groups, however, became more virulent online, with xenophobic and nationalist views dominating some public discussions.

Netherlands PVV and other far-right groups in the Netherlands gained significant traction with their anti-immigrant messages. Nationalist protests against the government's refugee policies became more frequent, often involving direct clashes between far-right demonstrators and counter-protesters.

Poland The far-right’s influence grew in Polish politics, especially with the Law and Justice Party (PiS) taking a more hardline stance on immigration. Far-right protests against immigration and EU refugee quotas remained frequent, with groups like ONR continuing to rally against the government’s approach to the migrant crisis.

Romania The nationalist right, including Noua Dreaptă, organized a series of anti-immigrant rallies, focusing on the issue of refugees and calling for tighter border control. These rallies were particularly vocal against the EU's refugee policies, with far-right groups emphasizing Romania’s sovereignty in resisting refugee relocation.

Slovakia Far-right groups, including ĽSNS, escalated their attacks on Roma settlements, with numerous reports of aggression towards Roma individuals. Anti-migrant and anti-immigrant protests were frequent, and the far-right rhetoric surrounding the refugee crisis continued to dominate national discourse.

Slovenia Right-wing extremism in Slovenia was marked by a rise in anti-migrant, anti-refugee rhetoric. SNS continued to play a major role in opposing EU immigration policies, organizing rallies and public actions. Several violent incidents involving far-right extremists targeting migrants and refugees were reported.

Spain VOX, a far-right political party, achieved significant electoral success and further normalized anti-immigrant rhetoric in mainstream politics. Several violent incidents were linked to the party's supporters, including protests against refugees and violent confrontations with left-wing groups. These events escalated tensions in cities like Madrid and Seville.

Sweden Right-wing violence in Sweden remained high, with Sverigedemokraterna and other far-right groups leading protests and spreading anti-immigrant rhetoric. Violent incidents, including attacks on migrant shelters and immigrant communities, continued to occur, particularly in southern Sweden.

Austria a terrorist attack occurred in Vienna, resulting in the deaths of four civilians and the injury of 23 others. The attacker, identified as Kujtim F., was a sympathizer of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). While this attack was Islamist in nature, it underscores the broader challenges Austria faces concerning extremist violence.

Croatia A 22-year-old individual, Danijel B., attempted to shoot at the Banski dvori, the office of the Prime Minister, in Zagreb. The attack was motivated by right-wing extremist views, and the perpetrator was found to have expressed support for far-right ideologies.

2020 Attempted to shoot at the Presidential Palace in Nicosia. The attack was motivated by right-wing extremist views, and the perpetrator was found to have expressed support for far-right ideologies.

Czech Republic Marek O., a former Czech soldier, formed the Czechoslovak Soldiers in Reserves (CSR), a pro-Russian right-wing paramilitary group. The CSR rejected the policies of the Czech and Slovak political elites and expressed support for Russian military actions.

Germany As refugees continued to be a target for far-right extremists, arson attacks and violent assaults against refugee shelters and immigrant communities continued to rise.

Germany There were continued far-right protests against immigration policies and the European Union, with violent incidents escalating as groups such as PEGIDA continued to grow.

Greece Far-right militias began to grow in influence, with groups organizing armed rallies and protests. Some of these groups had links to former Golden Dawn members.

Hungary The Hungarian Guard, a far-right militia, re-emerged in Hungary, conducting paramilitary activities and engaging in violent demonstrations against perceived "enemies of the nation," including Roma and immigrants.

Ireland During the COVID-19 pandemic, far-right groups in Ireland began promoting conspiracy theories related to the virus, vaccines, and government control. These movements often included xenophobic rhetoric, blaming migrants for the spread of the virus.

Italy Far-right groups ramped up their actions, particularly in response to COVID-19 lockdowns. These groups held protests against the government's handling of the pandemic and blamed immigrants for spreading the virus.

Italy Far-right groups, including Forza Nuova, staged demonstrations against refugees and asylum seekers in several Italian cities, with several incidents of violent clashes between protesters and police.

Latvia In response to increasing EU refugee quotas, Latvia's far-right groups became more vocal, organizing demonstrations against migration and portraying refugees as a threat to national identity. The protests often included clashes with anti-fascist and pro-immigrant activists.

Lithuania Neo-fascist groups, particularly Pērkonkrusts, resumed more visible public protests against Lithuania’s immigration and refugee policies, often targeting asylum seekers, ethnic minorities, and the LGBTQ+ community. These demonstrations saw significant violence, and multiple arrests were made.

Luxembourg With the global COVID-19 pandemic, there was a rise in conspiracy theories, including some promoted by far-right extremists, who linked the pandemic to anti-immigrant and anti-globalist rhetoric. There were small, socially distanced protests, but Luxembourg saw little in terms of violent far-right actions.

Malta Far-right groups increasingly mobilized against Malta’s handling of refugees, particularly during the pandemic. They used the crisis as an opportunity to reinforce their anti-immigrant rhetoric, organizing smaller protests and campaigns online.

Netherlands Far-right protests continued as the debate over immigration and integration remained a central issue. The COVID-19 pandemic was used by some far-right groups to fuel anti-immigrant rhetoric, framing refugees as a "threat" to public health. Protests were more sporadic, but the rhetoric continued to spread on social media.

Poland Nationalist groups and right-wing factions in Poland became increasingly vocal, with continued opposition to the European Union’s handling of the refugee crisis. Anti-immigrant protests continued, with far-right groups voicing concerns over Poland’s involvement in the relocation of refugees under EU mandates.

Portugal Far-right groups, including Chega, gained more visibility as they staged protests against the government’s response to the migrant crisis, voicing their concerns over the perceived Islamization of Portugal. The party also criticized the government’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, using the crisis as an opportunity to reinforce anti-immigrant and nationalist rhetoric.

Romania Noua Dreaptă and other far-right groups continued to stage protests against the EU’s migrant policies, with specific focus on rejecting refugees from Muslim-majority countries. These protests were part of a broader wave of anti-immigrant and nationalist sentiment that characterized Romanian politics at the time.

Slovakia ĽSNS gained more influence in the Slovak parliament, with anti-immigrant and anti-Roma rhetoric becoming more mainstream. There were also reports of hate crimes and violence against ethnic minorities, particularly Roma, spurred on by the party’s populist and nationalistic agenda.

Slovenia The SNS and other right-wing groups continued their campaign against migrants and refugees, especially refugees from Syria and other Middle Eastern countries. Far-right activists organized protests in several cities, demanding that the government refuse to accept asylum seekers. Violent confrontations between protesters and migrants, as well as with left-wing activists, were common.

Spain Far-right groups continued to target immigrants, particularly those from Muslim-majority countries, with anti-refugee protests held across Spain. VOX continued its rise, organizing demonstrations that often led to violent incidents involving both counter-protesters and migrant communities.

Austria Police arrested individuals linked to neo-Nazi forums planning acts of violence. These forums often coordinated hate crimes targeting minorities and political opponents.

Belgium Police foiled an attack by members of the "Right-Wing Resistance" group, who planned to bomb a mosque in Brussels.

Bulgaria Far-right groups, including factions of Ataka and BNU, became increasingly visible in protests across Bulgaria, particularly those related to the COVID-19 pandemic. They exploited public dissatisfaction with government restrictions to promote nationalist and anti-immigrant messages.

Bulgaria Some of these protests, especially those against lockdown measures, involved far-right rhetoric about “foreign invaders” and the “erosion of Bulgarian culture.”

Denmark Right-wing extremist groups organized demonstrations in various cities, protesting against immigration policies and the presence of migrants in Denmark. These events were marked by nationalist rhetoric and occasionally led to clashes with counter-protesters.

France Far-right groups organized protests against immigration, specifically focusing on Muslim immigrants. These protests involved nationalist groups clashing with counter-protesters and using violent rhetoric. The protests were frequently followed by acts of vandalism and attacks on immigrants.

Germany Far-right extremists targeted politicians with left-wing leanings, with multiple threats and physical violence against prominent figures.

Germany Far-right extremists exploited COVID-19 conspiracy theories to rally against government restrictions, leading to protests and violence in major cities.

Greece Attacks on refugee shelters and camps increased, particularly on the Greek islands, as tensions around immigration and the refugee crisis remained high. Far-right groups were involved in orchestrating these attacks.

Hungary Far-right groups continued to target immigrant communities in Hungary, including attacks on refugee shelters and physical assaults on individuals.

Hungary Far-right, led by figures such as Jobbik and other nationalist parties, continued its aggressive campaigns against the EU and immigration policies. This rhetoric was often accompanied by violent actions against those perceived as "outsiders."

Ireland Far-right groups mobilized in several protests against immigration policies, particularly focusing on the reception of refugees and asylum seekers. These protests often turned violent and included clashes with police.

Italy Lega Nord continued to dominate the political scene, with Matteo Salvini pushing hard for anti-immigrant laws and holding rallies in support of his anti-European, nationalist agenda. Protests against government policies on refugees and migrants were organized throughout the country, and far-right violence against refugees and migrant workers was documented in several cities.

Latvia Far-right extremism continued to rise, with Pērkonkrusts making a comeback, organizing events that spread nationalist, anti-immigrant, and anti-LGBTQ+ messages. Anti-Russian protests also increased in intensity, partly due to the political situation in Ukraine.

Lithuania Nationalist groups in Lithuania continued to gain ground, particularly after controversial EU policies on migration. Right-wing protests against the influx of refugees, particularly from the Middle East, led to violent clashes with pro-refugee activists. The Lithuanian National Front played a central role in organizing these protests.

Luxembourg Far-right groups continued to spread anti-EU, anti-immigrant, and nationalist messages in Luxembourg. While there were no major violent events, the rise of populist rhetoric was evident, especially regarding migration and the impact of European Union policies on Luxembourg’s sovereignty.

Netherlands The right-wing party Forum for Democracy (FvD) gained ground with its anti-immigration stance. Protests continued, although they were smaller in scale compared to previous years. The rhetoric of right-wing groups remained rooted in anti-immigrant and anti-Islam ideologies.

Poland ONR, PiS, and other far-right factions continued to organize anti-immigrant protests, particularly against the government’s stance on accepting refugees. Protests became more focused on national identity and sovereignty, with demonstrators framing refugees as a threat to Polish culture and values.

Portugal  The Chega party, a far-right movement, continued to rise in popularity, with protests and political campaigns centered around anti-immigrant sentiment, particularly focusing on refugees from North Africa and the Middle East. The party's influence in the political landscape grew, and its supporters increasingly took to the streets to express opposition to immigration policies.

Romania Protests against the Romanian government's handling of immigration, particularly regarding refugees and migrants from outside Europe, continued. Nationalist groups like Noua Dreaptă intensified their rhetoric against Muslim refugees and advocated for more stringent controls on immigration.

Slovakia Slovakia witnessed an increase in far-right protests, particularly in opposition to the government's handling of the refugee crisis and migration. ĽSNS continued to be active, organizing demonstrations against the EU’s migrant policies, and voicing opposition to the settlement of refugees in Slovakia. Several violent confrontations between far-right activists and counter-protesters were reported.

Slovenia The far-right sentiment in Slovenia grew, with SNS and nationalist groups continuing to promote an exclusionary, anti-immigrant agenda. Protests against the European Union’s refugee policy became more frequent, and violent incidents targeting Roma and migrant communities continued. Right-wing extremist rhetoric became more visible in the country’s political discourse.

Spain The political influence of VOX and other nationalist groups grew, with anti-immigrant rhetoric becoming a central issue in national debates. Far-right violence remained prevalent, with protests targeting both refugees and the government’s migration policies. Violent clashes at public demonstrations were increasingly common.

Austria A neo-Nazi group attempted to incite violence during protests against COVID-19 health measures. Investigations found that far-right groups exploited societal unrest to spread their ideology.

Belgium The COVID-19 pandemic saw increased recruitment efforts by far-right groups, exploiting societal discontent. Anti-vaccine and anti-lockdown protests became breeding grounds for extremist ideologies.

Bulgaria Far-right groups were linked to a series of violent attacks on refugee shelters, particularly in southern Bulgaria. In these incidents, refugees and migrants faced physical assault and intimidation, often carried out by far-right activists claiming to protect Bulgarian identity.

Bulgaria Online hate speech and disinformation also became significant issues during this period, with far-right groups using social media to spread nationalist and xenophobic propaganda.

France Marine Le Pen's National Rally (RN) achieved significant success in the presidential election, becoming one of the main political forces in France. The party's growing influence was mirrored by an uptick in far-right activity on the streets.

Germany The formation of far-right militias, some with paramilitary structures, increased during this period. These groups were involved in planning violent actions against the state, immigrants, and political opponents.

Greece Despite the official disbanding of Golden Dawn, far-right and neo-Nazi groups remained active in Greece, continuing their violent campaigns against immigrants and left-wing activists.

Hungary Far-right and nationalist political movements gained further traction in Hungary, with Jobbik continuing to capitalize on anti-immigrant sentiments. This period saw the normalization of far-right rhetoric in mainstream politics.

Ireland Anti-Muslim rhetoric intensified in Ireland as far-right movements criticized the government’s stance on Muslim refugees and asylum seekers. Public discourse became increasingly hostile toward minority groups.

Italy A surge in neo-fascist activities was noted, particularly in northern and central Italy, with a new generation of far-right youth organizing protests against migrants and advocating for the return of fascist ideals. CasaPound and Forza Nuova remained active, staging violent street protests and anti-immigrant actions.

Latvia Right-wing nationalism continued to grow, with significant activity from Latvian Nationalists and National Alliance, particularly against the backdrop of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Far-right groups organized demonstrations with clear anti-Russian and pro-Latvian identity stances.

Lithuania The far-right gained more visibility, organizing anti-immigrant protests and using social media to amplify their views. Tensions with Russia led to an increase in anti-Russian rallies, although these often blurred with nationalist and anti-immigrant sentiment.

Luxembourg Far-right extremist groups staged protests against the European Union’s policies regarding asylum seekers. Although the protests were relatively small, they echoed broader European sentiments and drew attention to the growing nationalist rhetoric in Luxembourg’s political discourse.

Malta Far-right groups continued to organize protests, especially against the EU’s refugee relocation plans. The rhetoric of these protests grew more radical, with groups using social media to spread anti-immigrant sentiment.

Netherlands PVV and other far-right parties continued to rally against the government's refugee and immigration policies. A surge in protests against the EU’s refugee quotas was seen, and online hate speech directed at migrants and refugees became more widespread.

Poland Far-right groups continued to protest against immigration policies, particularly in relation to the war in Ukraine. While there was some support for Ukrainian refugees, nationalist factions remained highly critical of the government's broader immigration policies, especially regarding refugees from the Middle East and Africa.

Portugal Anti-immigrant protests, particularly against the EU's refugee policies, remained a key issue for far-right groups like Chega. These protests were accompanied by rhetoric emphasizing Portugal’s need to protect its culture and national identity from what they saw as foreign influence.

Romania Far-right groups in Romania continued to protest against immigration and the EU’s refugee relocation programs. The Noua Dreaptă organization staged demonstrations highlighting nationalist and anti-EU sentiments, framing Romania’s national identity as under threat from foreign influence.

Slovakia ĽSNS and other far-right groups continued to make headlines, advocating for the preservation of Slovak national identity and organizing protests against migrants and refugees. Right-wing extremist groups began to target ethnic minorities, including Roma and other immigrant communities, calling for more stringent controls and restrictions.

Spain VOX continued to dominate the far-right scene, leading large protests against the government’s immigration policies. There were reports of increasing hostility toward migrant communities, with far-right extremists taking part in violent acts targeting immigrants, particularly from North Africa and sub-Saharan regions.

Sweden Right-wing extremism in Sweden saw a surge, particularly in response to Sweden's growing immigrant population. Sverigedemokraterna continued to influence public discourse with their anti-immigrant rhetoric, and violent protests against refugees and immigrants were frequent in southern Sweden.

Austria Experienced a 30% increase in right-wing extremist acts compared to the previous year, with at least 1,208 incidents recorded. These offenses encompassed xenophobia, Islamophobia, and antisemitism. The rise in such acts has raised concerns about the growing influence of right-wing ideologies in the country.

Belgium Reported a sharp rise in hate crimes, including arson attacks on refugee centers and desecration of Jewish cemeteries. Investigations linked these acts to growing online radicalization.

Bulgaria There was an uptick in incidents of vandalism against refugee facilities and public monuments associated with minority groups. Some far-right extremists used nationalist rhetoric to justify these actions, portraying refugees as a threat to Bulgarian heritage and culture.

Bulgaria In addition to attacks on refugees, there were increased efforts to intimidate political opponents, particularly those advocating for immigration policies or human rights protections.

Denmark Five members of a drug gang associated with the Hells Angels were arrested in a joint operation conducted by police in Denmark and Spain. Drugs and €59,000 in cash were seized during police raids.

Estonia The EKRE became the second-most popular party in Estonia, with roughly 20% support. This marked a significant shift in the political landscape, reflecting growing support for nationalist and anti-immigrant sentiments.

France A rise in attacks on immigrant communities, particularly in Paris and surrounding areas, was noted. These attacks were often carried out by individuals connected to far-right groups that promoted anti-immigrant ideologies.

Germany Far-right terrorists carried out targeted attacks on political opponents, immigrants, and refugee communities. The government increased efforts to combat far-right terrorism with security measures and raids.

Hungary Violence from far-right extremists against migrants, refugees, and political opponents continued. Hungary also saw an increase in attacks against LGBTQ+ individuals, particularly during Pride events.

Italy Political climate saw continued far-right unrest, with increasing reports of attacks on migrants and refugees, especially from groups associated with Fratelli d'Italia and Forza Nuova. These groups participated in public demonstrations, frequently clashing with counter-protesters.

Latvia Far-right rhetoric centered around opposing Russian influence and increased anti-immigrant and anti-refugee sentiment. National Alliance continued to be the dominant far-right party, participating in street demonstrations and promoting their nationalist agenda.

Lithuania Nationalists and far-right groups participated in public protests against migrants and the European Union's refugee policies. These protests often turned violent, and extremist ideologies promoting nationalism and ethnic purity were visible in the rhetoric.

Netherlands Far-right demonstrations against the Dutch government's handling of refugees continued to grow. The rhetoric became more aggressive, with some groups calling for the expulsion of immigrants from the Netherlands. Anti-immigrant sentiment remained high, especially on social media platforms.

Poland Protests continued, especially after Poland’s government took steps to align more closely with the EU’s refugee policies. Far-right movements in Poland, including ONR and others, pushed back against these policies, staging demonstrations and calling for stricter immigration laws and the expulsion of refugees from Muslim-majority countries.